How Political Marriages Can Be Tough - 928 Words

Political marriages are known to be tough and very hard to handle. With all the pressure of fans and enemies, along with all the work that has to be done, it can be very difficult. For a lot of relationships, it can either make or break their marriage. It takes a lot of patience and passion and respect for the relationship, especially where large political divides exist, said Post, spokeswoman for the Emily Post Institute and great-great-granddaughter of Emily Post. To be able to do that successfully speaks to the kind of relationship these couples have ( Grinberg). A political marriage can work if they can figure out how to make things work smoothly, just like these people did with their marriages. One of the many successful marriages is Michelle and Barack Obama. Michelle and Obama were married October 3, 1992, at Trinity United Church in Chicago. As we all know, Obama is currently our 44th President and his wife Micelle Obama is the First Lady, a Lawyer, a writer, a wife, and a mother to her children. One of the reasons Michelle fell in love with Obama was because of his emotional honesty. Obama didn’t play games when they were dating, he was straight forward and said what he felt right away. Even though Michelle loved Obama conditionally back then, she says now that even after being in the White House, his heart, character, and convictions are all the same. Obama is still the same man that she fell in love with a long time ago. Michelle focuses on having a happyShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Spartan Empire And Its Women1602 Words   |  7 Pages their marriage, and how much land they possessed. There was a reason why the women of Sparta were so tough. They grew up in pursuit of physical perfection and self-dependence which had a great advantage over the other women in the different parts of the region. What most people most likely do not know is that, like the boys, girls were educated and trained in the same way as the boys. Spartan girl’s parents placed greater significance on becoming physically strong verses learning how to sow andRead MoreSusan Moller Okin s Justice, Gender And The Family1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthey create for women. Based on her diagnosis of the causes, she proposes legal measures to alleviate this inequality. Explain the causal arguments by which Okin locates the source of these economic disparities between the sexes in the nature of marriage, the family and the upbringing of girls in the US. 35 years later, the same economic disparities, including the wage gap and glass ceiling, still exist for American women, despite anti-discrimination laws and increasing numbers of women in the workRead MoreThe Ideological Debate Over Social Welfare1153 Words   |  5 Pagesconsiderably over several decades, it remains oft-debated and frequently raised as subject for electoral or legislative disagreement. To the point, the chief social problem connected with welfare is the widespread philosophical, ideological and political disagreement which persists over so-called welfare rights. Such is to say that there are some who perceive welfare support as a right to which citizens should be entitled in an affluent and stable society such as the United States. By contrastRead MoreThe Argument Of Teen Pregnancy813 Words   |  4 Pagessites like Facebook, debated by many of our most powerful political leaders, and analyzed by researchers. Furthermore, pregnant teens are being judged regularly by political groups/movements, the ultra-religious groups, and ordinary Americans. The highly publicized debate has even compelled networks such as MTV (Music Television) to produce a show called 16 Pregnant. 16 Pregnant examines the challenges that pregnant teens face in marriage, adoption, religion, graduating high school, and the strugglesRead MoreCharles Wright Millss The Sociological Imagination94 5 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Mills to â€Å"dig deeper† by questioning these scenarios. â€Å"Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both† (Mills, 1959, p. 1). The Sociological imagination is a frame of mind that enables a person to find themselves within the bigger picture of society. It is a thought perspective that helps an individual see how their own problems, or troubles as Mills terms them, are not only being experienced by oneself. These troubles arise fromRead MoreEssay on Alfred Hitchcocks Works of Crime Fiction717 Words   |  3 PagesCreative works are organised into a specific genre. Genre can be concisely defined as a set of conventions and expectations which audiences will grow accustomed to over time. Conventions within a genre will limit and shape the meaning perceived by audiences. Through time, as contexts alter, so do values; though conventions remain the same. Some composers make their texts more appealing once they challenge the original conventions of a genre and thus attra ct a wider audience. By doing this, composersRead MorePresidential Election : American Citizens Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesare two very opposing candidates, Republican, Donald Trump, and Democrat, Hillary Clinton. Many people believe that this election is coming down to choosing between the lesser evil. However, Hillary Clinton’s professionalism and answers to numerous tough questions make her the best candidate to not only be the president, but to be the first woman president in all of the U.S. history. Hillary Clinton has numerous years of experience as a politician under her belt while her opposing candidate, DonaldRead MoreThe Film The Lost Honor Of Katharina Blum1324 Words   |  6 PagesSchlondorff and Margarethe von Trotta in 1975 and The Marriage of Maria Braun, directed by Dir. Rainer Werner Fassbinder in 1979 both display issues with gender equality. In The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum, Katharina shares a night with a wanted man and she falls in love with him. She is harassed by the police and the press when she tells them that she had no part in helping Ludwig Gà ¶tten, the wanted terrorist, escape. Katharina is an example of how women were victimized at this time by establishmentsRead MoreThe Debate Over The Method Of Constitutional Interpretation1556 Words   |  7 Pagesif our country’s society has since evolved. However, the United States today is over two centuries older than when this document became effective. It is inevitable that society and its ideals have evolved greatly in this time period. Thus, decisions can no longer be based on what was established over two centuries ago. New factors, in addition to the written law of the Constitution, need to be taken into consideration. While the Constitution should always be interpreted the way the Founding FathersRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Views On Homosexuality1022 Words   |  5 Pagesthat it is a sin in God’s eyes according to the Bible, and there are those who believe that God and the Bible are not specific to homosexuals. It is a tough debate based on whether you are a religious person, how you were raised, and where your morals and ethics stand. Over the last 2,000 years of Christianity many changes have taken place in how it views people and their place in the kingdom of God. The Church has changed its views of people of other races as inferior, or attacks, in need of salvation

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1592 Words

We all need a little change in our lives. In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, the author Harper Lee wants just that. Lee wants to change some political and social norms and she projects this change in a fictional southern town in Maycomb, Alabama circa 1930s. This tiny town is like it’s own little world; no one really comes in and no one really leaves. The one issue that Lee points out about this town is racism and judgement. Maycomb is a racially divided town. Atticus Finch, our main character’s father, is one of the rare people of the town that doesn’t let the racism of the town get to him. Atticus is all for equality on both side of the picture. That is why he is such a known lawyer. Lee also used literary devices and terms to prove her points and better her writing throughout the novel. A few things Lee wants to change for the better are racism and equality, fairness, and not judging a book by it’s cover. Maycomb may be a small town, but as a result, it’s a racial town as well. Since the town is divided, people see racism everyday. That’s why when it came to Tom Robinson’s case, they chose Atticus to represent Tom. Tom Robinson is a black man who was said to sexually assault Mr. Bob Ewell’s daughter, Mayella, even though Tom was crippled from an accident as a child. â€Å"In our courts, when it s a white man s word against a black man s, the white man always wins. They re ugly, but those are the facts of life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Atticus while he was explaining what had happened toShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her

Dynamics Technologies Network free essay sample

Whether used to provide better customer service, to be more eco-friendly or to gain more company memory, the virtualization technology of today offer many benefits to enterprising companies all over the world, creating innovative solutions to work based problems on a daily basis. Virtualization has not only captured the business world by storm with its innovative and creative solutions but it also offers proven advantages in several areas of industry, IT and service. Below is a list of a few of the advantages and solutions that virtualization technology can offer the enterprise around the globe. Virtual Desktops Many corporations and enterprises are looking to reduce their footprint and create more efficient operating systems. This can be done with one aspect of virtualization, virtual desktops. Virtual desktops have the ability to create more space within a desktop computer or on actual desk space through the use of software which expands a desktops environment beyond physical limits through virtualization. This can create a more eco-friendly environment with less computers using energy and lower operating costs as well as offering continuous transitions between multiple operating system. Enhanced System Security A fear of many enterprises considering virtualization in their business is that all the advantages of this technology will compromise the security of sensitive, private and legal company information. However, that is not the case; in fact virtualization in business provides enhanced security, making it more difficult for hackers to find key information. Unlike other security systems, virtualization has the ability to single out and trace requests. If a request seems fishy or unsuitable, virtualization security technologies will reroute hackers to another location, securing and keeping enterprising business information safe from harm. Better System Reliability Non-virtualized networks and systems are more prone to crashes and memory corruption due to software installments such as device drivers. Through virtualization, I/O resources can be isolated providing better security (see above,) reliability and even availability across devices for business purposes. Disaster Recovery Along the same lines as better system reliability, virtualization also provides enterprising businesses with better, faster and more secure disaster recovery. This is possible because this technology is able to take a virtual image or information and transfer it to another server in the instance that the original server may be crashing. This prevents information loss and provides a constant stream of secure and safe information. Space and Server Consolidation When an organization has a physical database, it can take up to ten machines to provide the same amount of workload to one virtual machine. This means that up to ten applications can be ran on a solitary virtual machine, consolidating physical space as well as server use, therefore saving energy usage, operating costs and server expenses. Scalability One advantage of virtualization technology is its unique ability to be scalable. What this means is that unlike purchasing X amount of computer memory or RAM for a company, the possibilities with virtualization are endless. The workload and space needed one month may change in the next and virtualization accommodates those changes by fluxuating to fit the needs of an enterprise at the time of use. This also saves on energy consumption and operating costs because virtualization service providers oft will only charge for what was used. Endless Memory and Accessibilities One aspect of scalability is virtualization’s advantage of seemingly endless memory. Enterprising businesses can take advantage of limitless memory to house business information, client details, invoices and financial records all in an accessible, crash protected and secure place. Virtualization is accessible anywhere there is an internet connection, allow for access to important company information anywhere in the world. This is great for traveling business owners, work from home employees or access away from work. This also allows companies to offer better customer service to clients because of the ease of access as well as the quick pull up of saved information stored in a limitless memory location. Many enterprising companies are looking for ways to better IT departments, improve business models and create lower operating costs, all of which can be accomplished with the modern marvel technology that is virtualization. Whether used to provide better customer service, to be more eco-friendly or to gain more company memory, the virtualization technology of today offer many benefits to enterprising companies all over the world, creating innovative solutions to work based problems on a daily basis. Return on Investment School of thoughts have argued in various platform about the huge capital investment return in virtualization, there are multiple factors which determine how to go about deciding what type of monitoring an Information Technology (IT) department should embark on. In order to properly evaluate a specific IT environment, one must first determine whether or not to virtualize. Virtualization can be stressed as a life saver for countless IT departments over the past few years. What first needs to be determined however, is if in fact an organization really needs to virtualize. Perhaps database, application servers, network services, etc don’t truly need to become virtualized, maybe they do. What we are trying to determine today is the Return on Investment (ROI) for virtualization. Technologist, Researchers and Students helps quantify virtualizing an IT infrastructure. If an organization is in the process of acquiring a new company (or being liquidated) and subsequently moving locations, they must first take a look in their server room*. If it is overcrowded, under powered or outdated, then yes†¦ virtualization is probably important. What everyone in the IT department wants to know then, is virtualization right for my organization and more importantly my department? [pic] The resources being saved on just power and hardware along are staggering. Keeping costs lower for the overall organization is obviously crucial, especially when it comes to things such as never having to redeploy application solutions*. This will save you time and subsequently money: no server hardware refreshing costs, limited annual server-related power costs*. The greater questions then arise, how much time will it take a department to make the complete switch? Will the ROI be worth the increased labor hours to become fluent with the virtualized world?

The Domino Effect free essay sample

Recently, my older sister came home for a visit from college. Usually she brings souvenirs from her university for each of us, but this time was different. She stepped through the door holding a small, fuzzy, black and white ball of fur. A rabbit was cradled in her arms. She told us that she had bought it at college but there was a strict rule that no pets were allowed in the dorms. The rabbit would be staying here. My parents turned to me and said, â€Å"Have fun with it, Kurtis,† and my first thought was, Oh great, another thing I’m responsible for. It’s been about a week since I started caring for the critter, whom I named Domino. I refill his food bowl, make sure he has enough hay to chew on, and fill the water dispenser. I have grown quite fond of Domino and a bit intrigued by him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Domino Effect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I can sit for hours watching the little guy as he wanders around his cage. Every day he gnaws at the cage door. I wonder if he is suffering, being such a small and defenseless animal. He will never be free to do as he pleases; his whole life he will be caged, eating pellets and vegetables, and drinking from a water dispenser. Never will he be able to run free in the woods or feel the warmth of summer or smell the flowers or the crisp winter air. When I watch him chew at his cage in his solitude, longing to be free, I am reminded of myself. Domino’s cage is probably two feet by two feet, while I am confined by parents, teachers, coaches, and friends, each with their standards. And I must conform to those standards to satisfy them. Being trapped is a feeling that nobody likes, not even a rabbit, but we all feel it. I live in a small town where everyone knows everything about everybody. This puts a great deal of pressure on me to succeed, because if I don’t, everyone will know and look down on me. This seven-mile stretch of land is my cage. When I look into Domino’s deep eyes, I see desperation and dissatisfaction. When I look in the mirror, I see the same. This creature has, without knowing it, opened my eyes to the truth about myself. We are not so different, and I feel his pain. Now is the time for me to make a change, to break free from the mold or be trapped for life in this confining cage.

Free Essays on at People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society

Fat People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society With nearly twenty percent of the U.S. population falling into the category of obesity, is this country being faced with a widely spread epidemic? Or are those individuals just another facet of American society? Some see overeating as a disease that has plagued our society with no hope of being cured any time soon, while others see it as another aspect of American culture. Authors Greg Crister, Mary Ray Worley, and Hillel Schwartz touch upon these topics in their works, â€Å"Too Much of a Good Thing,† â€Å"Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance,† and â€Å"Fat and Happy?† respectively. Due to the recent wave of obese individuals, much of society looks down upon those who overeat. However, the general public should stop worrying about body image and learn to be happy with what they are given, particularly because such worrying can be physically and emotionally dangerous. The current mentality of the average American is that those who are overweight are a kind of second class to those who are of ideal weight. But what is ideal weight? Ideal weight is what is portrayed in magazines and on television as being beautiful and what everyone else should look like. The slim and sexy are highly glorified in the media making those who are not exactly beauty queens feel unattractive. In addition those who are not of ideal weight are looked down upon and treated as different people, solely based on their eating habits. Author Greg Crister argues these issues, and suggests that we as a society should stigmatize overeating, while being careful to stigmatize the act of overeating, as opposed to the person. His focus is mostly directed towards obesity and its impact on children; that being the most pivotal issue of our time. Moreover, if one is going to stigmatize overeating, than one needs to begin at the source where the eating begins: with children. Eating habits are taught when a child... Free Essays on at People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society Free Essays on at People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society Fat People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society With nearly twenty percent of the U.S. population falling into the category of obesity, is this country being faced with a widely spread epidemic? Or are those individuals just another facet of American society? Some see overeating as a disease that has plagued our society with no hope of being cured any time soon, while others see it as another aspect of American culture. Authors Greg Crister, Mary Ray Worley, and Hillel Schwartz touch upon these topics in their works, â€Å"Too Much of a Good Thing,† â€Å"Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance,† and â€Å"Fat and Happy?† respectively. Due to the recent wave of obese individuals, much of society looks down upon those who overeat. However, the general public should stop worrying about body image and learn to be happy with what they are given, particularly because such worrying can be physically and emotionally dangerous. The current mentality of the average American is that those who are overweight are a kind of second class to those who are of ideal weight. But what is ideal weight? Ideal weight is what is portrayed in magazines and on television as being beautiful and what everyone else should look like. The slim and sexy are highly glorified in the media making those who are not exactly beauty queens feel unattractive. In addition those who are not of ideal weight are looked down upon and treated as different people, solely based on their eating habits. Author Greg Crister argues these issues, and suggests that we as a society should stigmatize overeating, while being careful to stigmatize the act of overeating, as opposed to the person. His focus is mostly directed towards obesity and its impact on children; that being the most pivotal issue of our time. Moreover, if one is going to stigmatize overeating, than one needs to begin at the source where the eating begins: with children. Eating habits are taught when a child...

How to Make Polite Requests in Spanish

How to Make Polite Requests in Spanish Telling someone what to do can sound rude or impolite. So in Spanish, just as in English, there are a variety of ways of asking people to do something or of making what might be called mellow commands. For example, in English, instead of telling someone, give me a cup of coffee, it would be far more polite to say something like I would like a cup of coffee. Add a please to that with a friendly tone of voice, and nobody will be able to call you rude! Following are some of the most common ways of making polite requests, the equivalent of something such as I would like, in Spanish. Any of these ways will likely be understood wherever you go in the Spanish-speaking world, although usage varies with region. Querer (I Would Like) Although it may seem grammatically illogical, the imperfect subjunctive form of querer (usually translated in this context as I would like), quisiera, is a common colloquial way of stating wishes and making polite requests. The normal sequence of tenses applies, so when quisiera is followed by a conjugated verb, the following verb must be in an imperfect subjunctive form. Other forms of querer including the present and conditional tenses also can be used in either statement or question form. Quisiera unas manzanas. (I would like some apples.)Quisiera comer ahora. (I would like to eat now.)Quisiera que salieras. (I would like you to leave.)Quiero dos manzanas. (I want two apples.)Quiero comer ahora. (I want to eat now.)Quiero que salgas. (I want you to leave.) ¿Quieres darme dos manzanas? (Do you want to give me two apples?) ¿Querrà ­as darme dos manzanas? (Would you like to give me two apples?) Gustarà ­a in the Conditional Form The verb gustar (which can be translated as to be pleasing) can similarly be used in the conditional form, gustarà ­a, to make gently worded requests. Me gustarà ­a que estudiaras. (I would like you to study.)Me gustarà ­a que ambos observasen el comportamiento de su hijo. (I would like both of you to observe the behavior of your son.)Me gustarà ­an dos manzanas. (I would like two apples.) ¿Te gustarà ­a darme dos manzanas? (Would you like to give me two apples?) Note how in the first two examples the second verb (the one after gustarà ­a) is translated as an infinitive in English. Poder (To Be Able) This verb meaning to be able or the auxiliary verb can can be used as a question in the conditional or imperfect indicative tense.  ¿Podrà ­as darme dos manzanas? (Could you give me two apples?) A Ver Si as a Gentle Request The phrase a ver si, sometimes misspelled as haber si, which is identical in pronunciation, can be used to form the gentlest of requests. Although it is close in meaning to the English lets see if, it can be translated in a variety of ways. A ver si estudias ms. (Perhaps you could study more.)A ver si comamos juntos un dà ­a. (Lets eat together some day.)A ver si tocas el piano. (Lets see if you can play the piano.) Saying Please The most common ways of saying please are the adverbial phrase por favor and the verb phrase hgame el favor de (literally, do me the favor of). Although you are unlikely to be criticized for overusing por favor, its usage does vary with region. In some areas, its use is expected, while in others it might not commonly be used when asking someone to do something that he or she is expected to do, as when ordering a meal from a restaurant server. And remember, ​too, that tone of voice can have as much to do with how a request is received as its grammatical form can. Por favor usually is placed after a request, although it can also come before: Otra taza de tà ©, por favor. (Another cup of tea, please.)Quisiera un mapa, por favor. (I would like a map, please.)Por favor, no dejes escribirme. (Please, dont quit writing to me.)

Response to 4 students assignment posting with 2 references each Coursework

Response to 4 students assignment posting with 2 references each - Coursework Example The student settles on Ms McClung as the individual who represents great leadership. He takes out passion as an outstanding trait in Ms McClung that makes her a great leader. According to the student, she possesses emotional intelligence and approaches complex problems within her team besides not being afraid to take action in her leadership role (Hackman, 2010). She makes decisions that take into full account the welfare of both employees and the organization. Her leadership style is therefore one that has decisions taking into account the needs of employees at a personal level, this the student says, is a good trait in a leader but according to Ltd ( 2004-2010), should not be a dominant factor in the overall leadership style. The student chose Charles Edwards as his great leader to discuss and provided a brief but elaborate history of Edwards fro when he was a young soldier in 1987 to when he worked his way up to the top. As a life changing moment, the student quotes Hackman’s (2002) comments that; â€Å" a great team leader does not rely on a single strategy for promoting team effectiveness but instead works the course of team seamlessness as a result reinforcing the outcome of hands on training†. This comments, he says, changed the point of view of Edwards and in as much as he found the cruel at the start, he later embodied them and that changed his entire future as a leader. He highlights self confidence as the trait that makes Edwards a great leader. Marlana chooses R. Wilson, the local Chief of Police as the effective leader for this discussion. She explains that Chief Wilson has worked through the ranks and understands both the formal and informal environment of not just the agency but the community as well. Effective managers according to Cohen, Eimicke and Heikkila (2008), are those in regular touch with the informal set up and have a excellent understanding of their

Tae Guk Gi (The Brotherhood of War)- (Korean) FILM ESSAY

Tae Guk Gi (The Brotherhood of War)- (Korean) FILM - Essay Example Jin-seok learns of his brothers plans and hopes to stop him from getting himself killed (Je-gyu 2004). He is horrified to see Jin-tae transformed by the war from a caring brother into a cruel soldier that seems to be pursuing glory rather than sacrificing himself to save his brother. The growing division between Jin-seok and Jin-tae reflects the growing division between the people of North Korea and South Korea following the communist revolution while reflecting on the many tragedies of the war. Although Jin-tae succeeds in earning the Medal of Honor for all the risks he takes, he is not successful in sheltering Jin-seok from the war. Jin-seok comes to resent his brother for what he is doing and refuses to go home. However, when the opportunity arises, he seeks out their family to let them know that both of them are okay (Je-gyu 2004). He returns home to find Young-shin being taken away for helping the communists, which she did for food and not for ideological reasons (Je-gyu 2004). When Jin-seok tries to prevent anti-communist partisans from executing Young-shin, he is imprisoned and treated as a communist traitor. Jin-tae attempts to intervene to help his brother and Young-shin and gets himself into trouble as well. Despite his efforts to protect his brother, Jin-tae is unable to stop his commander from ordering the prisoners, which include his brother, from being burned alive when the North Koreans are advancing on their encampment. Somehow, Jin-seok manages to escape th e fire. In the end, the two brothers are reunited after Jin-tae is captured by the North Koreans and joins their ranks as fanatic leading their "Flag Unit", thinking his brother is dead (Je-gyu 2004). Jin-seok loses his hatred for what his brother had become and risks his life to try to bring Jin-tae home safely. Although Jin-seok has to wait 50 years later to discover the fate of his brother, Jin-tae

Web 2. 0 application namely YouTube Essay Example for Free

Web 2. 0 application namely YouTube Essay The second group had expressed interest in other social networking tools aside from facebook and myspace. The other respondents, particularly the Chinese people indicated that they are not familiar with facebook and myspace and only very people have heard about facebook and myspace. Very few if not all had used facebook and myspace. On the other hand, they had indicated that they used Xinlang blog and MSN Space. MSN Spaces is a social networking tool developed by Windows (O’Reilly, 2005). In addition to this, they utilize MSN messenger as the main tool for sending and receiving messages from their classmates or friends. They had indicated that they used Xinlang blog and MSN messengers as a tool for chatting online and having online group meetings. In addition to this, the good thing about using MSN Space is that they are able to stay in touch with friends and get in touch with new news. In addition to this, they are able to acquire the latest photos of interesting events very much the same as what the first group had encountered. In summary, both groups generally have the same uses for social networking tools but utilize very different social networking tools. Going into another part of the discussion, the study focused on flickr – another Web 2. 0 application being used by the group. In general, Flickr is a Web 2. 0 application that can provide a venue for photo sharing and is also a web services suite and is also a social networking community medium. In addition to this, Flickr has been known as a photo repository (Anderson, 2007). Students that would want to share academic related pictures opt to utilize flickr as a means of uploading pictures and sharing them to their classmates, at the same time classmates and other peers can comment on it. The popularity of flickr has been furthered because of the innovations posed by online community tools that allow photos to be tagged and be searched by â€Å"folksonomic† means. According to recent studies, flickr is quickly approaching almost one billion images. According to the first group, all members of the group weren’t really utilizing flickr as a means of sharing photos to and fro each other. With this, they could not provide any substantial comments particular to flickr. Some of the group shares their photos in facebook since it would be easier only to maintain a single account instead of having to maintain so many accounts. Students indicated that their current needs only require them to share a certain amount of pictures thus there is no need for a photo repository account as facebook and other social networking tasks responds to the task adequately. Group 2 had the same response as that of the first group when asked about photo sharing repositories such as flickr. They mainly utilize their social networking tools as a means of sharing information to and fro their partners as a means of being able to upload their photos, whether academic or non-academic related. One thing that was noted by the moderator is the sentiment of many of those use their social networking sites in sharing tools is the capacity of the site to upload and download pictures. Other than that, they indicated no intention of utilizing flickr in the near future, unless there may be academic related tasks that would create for the utilization of such a photo sharing repository in order to achieve the academic goals set. The next part of the focus group discussion focused on another Web 2. 0 application namely YouTube (Anderson, 2007). According to the discussion, most of participates in Group 1 are quite fond about this service, and they think that the benefit of Youtube is the venue it provides for people to share videos to a very diverse audience. Video learning such as the one in open universities can be thought of sharing this same kind of concept. A person in the group pointed out that the good thing about Youtube is that they contain a variety of videos that are categorized in genres and topics which can help while the user is searching for his/her desired video. On one note, it can be approximated as facebook as people can make an online video diary so that people can view what a person wants to be viewed and essentially it is quicker and is more interactive as videos can cover a considerable number of human senses. Similarly, educators can utilize this to present learnings that are otherwise very difficult to be explained by using only words and pictures. One person from the group prefers to get educational videos and documentaries from the network, instead of having to buy them. In focusing on the supposed future of Youtube as seen by the eyes of the respondents, she believes that the video sharing network would remain a very popular cultural tool in the future, especially if the internet connection becomes ever so faster and more efficient in order to upload, download and view videos (Anderson, 2007).

Comparing Father-Son Relationships in The Chosen, The Gift, and Pauls

Father-Son Relationships in The Chosen, The Gift, and Paul's Case      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bond between a parent and a child is one of the strongest things on this earth. The relationships between father and son in the novel The Chosen by Chaim Potok, the poem "The Gift" by Li-Young Lee, and the short story "Paul's Case" by Willa Cather all show this strong bond. In all three genres father and son are the most prominent characters. All have the absence or near absence of mother figures. They also all show how important a father is to his son. The Chosen by Chaim Potok, "The Gift" by Li-Young Lee, and "Paul's Case" by Willa Cather all show the importance of father-son relationships through the fathers' involvement in their sons' lives, the fathers teaching their sons life skills, and the fathers' immense love for their sons.    The fathers in The Chosen, "The Gift," and "Paul's Case" all show involvement in their sons' lives through the care that they give them and the help they give them. In The Chosen, David Malter showed a great amount of care for his son Reuven. When Reuven was in the hospital, David often would come to visit him to see if he was all right. He was also always kind and understanding towards Reuven, even if Reuven did something he didn't approve of. Potok writes, "He looked at me and I saw his eyes were suddenly sad. 'I did not intend to scold you,' he said"(Potok 64). In "The Gift," the speaker's father also showed care towards the speaker in the removing of the splinter. The father did it in such a way as to give the child no pain. The speaker says, "To pull the metal splinter from my palm / my father recited a story in a low voice / I watched his lovely face and not the blade / before the ... ... and their love for their sons, no matter what kind of love it may be. The father-son relationship is enhanced in these works by the absence of mothers, who had either passed on or were not very essential to the plot of the work. Through these works, the importance of a father-son relationship can truly be shown.    Works Cited    Cather, Willa. "Paul's Case." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. 7th ed. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Ft.   Worth: Harcourt, 1998. 154-169. Potok, Chaim. The Chosen. Ballantine Books. New York City, New York. 1967.    Works Consulted:   Chang, Juliana. "Reading Asian American Poetry." MELUS 21.1 (Spring 1996): 81-98    Lee, Li-Young. Rose. New York: BOA, 1986. -----. The City in Which I Love You. New York: BOA, 1990. -----. The Winged Seed: A Remembrance. New York: Simon, 1995.    Comparing Father-Son Relationships in The Chosen, The Gift, and Paul's Father-Son Relationships in The Chosen, The Gift, and Paul's Case      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bond between a parent and a child is one of the strongest things on this earth. The relationships between father and son in the novel The Chosen by Chaim Potok, the poem "The Gift" by Li-Young Lee, and the short story "Paul's Case" by Willa Cather all show this strong bond. In all three genres father and son are the most prominent characters. All have the absence or near absence of mother figures. They also all show how important a father is to his son. The Chosen by Chaim Potok, "The Gift" by Li-Young Lee, and "Paul's Case" by Willa Cather all show the importance of father-son relationships through the fathers' involvement in their sons' lives, the fathers teaching their sons life skills, and the fathers' immense love for their sons.    The fathers in The Chosen, "The Gift," and "Paul's Case" all show involvement in their sons' lives through the care that they give them and the help they give them. In The Chosen, David Malter showed a great amount of care for his son Reuven. When Reuven was in the hospital, David often would come to visit him to see if he was all right. He was also always kind and understanding towards Reuven, even if Reuven did something he didn't approve of. Potok writes, "He looked at me and I saw his eyes were suddenly sad. 'I did not intend to scold you,' he said"(Potok 64). In "The Gift," the speaker's father also showed care towards the speaker in the removing of the splinter. The father did it in such a way as to give the child no pain. The speaker says, "To pull the metal splinter from my palm / my father recited a story in a low voice / I watched his lovely face and not the blade / before the ... ... and their love for their sons, no matter what kind of love it may be. The father-son relationship is enhanced in these works by the absence of mothers, who had either passed on or were not very essential to the plot of the work. Through these works, the importance of a father-son relationship can truly be shown.    Works Cited    Cather, Willa. "Paul's Case." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. 7th ed. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Ft.   Worth: Harcourt, 1998. 154-169. Potok, Chaim. The Chosen. Ballantine Books. New York City, New York. 1967.    Works Consulted:   Chang, Juliana. "Reading Asian American Poetry." MELUS 21.1 (Spring 1996): 81-98    Lee, Li-Young. Rose. New York: BOA, 1986. -----. The City in Which I Love You. New York: BOA, 1990. -----. The Winged Seed: A Remembrance. New York: Simon, 1995.   

Machine Learning In Medical Applications Health And Social Care Essay

Machine Learning ( ML ) aims at supplying computational methods for roll uping, altering and updating cognition in intelligent systems, and in peculiar acquisition mechanisms that will assist us to bring on cognition from illustrations or informations. Machine larning methods are utile in instances where algorithmic solutions are non available, there is deficiency of formal theoretical accounts, or the cognition about the application sphere is ill defined. The fact that assorted scientific communities are involved in ML research led this scientific field to integrate thoughts from different countries, such as computational acquisition theory, unreal nervous webs, statistics, stochastic mold, familial algorithms and pattern acknowledgment. Therefore, ML includes a wide category of methods that can be approximately classified in symbolic and subsymbolic ( numeral ) harmonizing to the nature of the use which takes topographic point whilst acquisition.2.Technical treatmentMachine Learning provides methods, techniques, and tools that can assist work outing diagnostic and predictive jobs in a assortment of medical spheres. ML is being used for the analysis of the importance of clinical parametric quantities and of their combinations for forecast, e.g. anticipation of disease patterned advance, for the extraction of medical cognition for results research, for therapy planning and support, and for overall patient direction. ML is besides being used for informations analysis, such as sensing of regularities in the informations by suitably covering with imperfect informations, reading of uninterrupted informations used in the Intensive Care Unit, and for intelligent dismaying ensuing in effectual and efficient monitoring. It is argued that the successful execution of ML methods can assist the integrating of computer-based systems in the health care environment supplying chances to ease and heighten the work of medical experts and finally to better the efficiency and quality of medical attention. Below, we summarize some major ML application countries in medical specialty. Medical diagnostic logical thinking is a really of import application country of computer-based systems ( Kralj and Kuka, 1998 ; Strausberg and Person, 1999 ; Zupan et al. , 1998 ) . In this model, adept systems and modelbased strategies provide mechanisms for the coevals of hypotheses from patient informations. For illustration, regulations are extracted from the cognition of experts in the adept systems. Unfortunately, in many instances, experts may non cognize, or may non be able to explicate, what knowledge they really use in work outing their jobs. Symbolic larning techniques ( e.g. inductive acquisition by illustrations ) are used to add acquisition, and knowledge direction capablenesss to expert systems ( Bourlas et al. , 1996 ) . Given a set of clinical instances that act as illustrations, larning in intelligent systems can be achieved utilizing ML methods that are able to bring forth a systematic description of those clinical characteristics that unambiguously characterize the clinical conditions. This cognition can be expressed in the signifier of simple regulations, or frequently as a determination tree. A authoritative illustration of this type of system is KARDIO, which was developed to construe ECGs ( Bratko et al. , 1989 ) . This attack can be extended to manage instances where there is no old experience in the reading and apprehension of medical informations. For illustration, in the work of Hau and Coiera ( Hau and Coiera, 1997 ) an intelligent system, which takes real-time patient informations obtained during cardiac beltway surgery and so creates theoretical accounts of normal and unnatural cardiac physiology, for sensing of alterations in a patient ‘s status is described. Additionally, in a research scene, these theoretical accounts can function as initial hypotheses that can drive farther experimentation.2.1 MethodologyIn this subdivision we propose a new algorithm called REMED ( Rule Extraction for MEdical Diagnostic ) . The REMED algorithm includes three chief stairss: 1 ) attributes choice, 2 ) choice of initial dividers, and eventually 3 ) regulation building.2.1.1 Attributes ChoiceFor the first measure we consider that in medical pattern the aggregation of datasets is frequently expensiv e and clip consuming. Then, it is desirable to hold a classifier that is able to reliably name with a little sum of informations about the patients. In the first portion of REMED we use simple logistic arrested development to quantify the hazard of enduring the disease with regard to the addition or decrease of an 574attribute. We ever use high assurance degrees ( & gt ; 99 % ) to choose properties that are truly important and to vouch the building of more precise regulations. Other of import facet to reference is that depending on the sort of association established ( positive or negative ) through the odds ratio metric, we build the sentence structure with which each property ‘s divider will look in the regulations system. This portion of the algorithm is shown in the top of figure 1.2.1.2 Partitions ChoiceThe 2nd portion of REMED comes from the fact that if an property ten has been statistically important in the anticipation of a disease, so its mean ten ( mean of the value s of the property ) is a good campaigner as initial divider of the property. We sort the illustrations by the property ‘s value and from the initial divider of each property, we search the following positive illustration ( category = 1 ) in the way of the established association. Then, we calculate a new divider through the norm between the value of the found illustration and the value of its predecessor or replacement. This supplanting is carried out merely one time for each property. This can be seen in the in-between portion of figure 1.2.1.3 Rules ConstructionIn the last portion of the algorithm, we build a simple regulation system of the undermentioned manner: if ( ei,1 a†°? p1 ) and ( ei, J a†°Ã‚ ¤ pj ) and aˆÂ ¦ and ( ei, m a†°? autopsy ) so category = 1 else category = 0 where ei, J denotes the value of attribute J for illustration I, pj denotes the divider for attribute J and the relation a†°? or a†°Ã‚ ¤ depends on the association attribu te-disease. With this regulation system we make a first categorization. We so seek to better the truth of our system by increasing or diminishing the value of each divider every bit much as possible. For this we apply the bisection method and cipher possible new dividers get downing with the current divider of each property and the upper limit or minimal value of the illustrations for this property. We build a temporal regulation system altering the current divider by each new divider and sort the illustrations once more. We merely see a new divider if it diminishes the figure of false positives ( FP ) but does non decrease the figure of true positives ( TP ) . This measure is repeated for each property until we overcome the established convergence degree for the bisection method or the current regulation system is non able to diminish the figure of FP ( healthy individuals diagnosed falsely ) . This portion of the algorithm is exemplified at the underside of figure 1. We can appreciate that the end of REMED is to maximise the minority category truth at each measure, foremost choosing the properties that are strongly associated with the positive category. Then halting the hunt of the divider that better discriminates both categories in the first positive illustration, and eventually seeking to better the truth of the regulation system but without decreasing the figure of TP ( ill individuals diagnosed right ) .3. Machine acquisition in complementary medical specialty3.1 Kirlian consequence – a scientific tool for analyzing elusive energiesThe history of the so called Kirlian consequence, besides known as the Gas Discharge Visualization ( GDV ) technique ( a wider term that includes besides some other techniques is bioelectrography ) , goes back to 1777 when G.C. Lihtenberg in Germany recorded electrographs of skiding discharge in dust created by inactive electricity and electric flickers. Subsequently assorted researches contributed to the d evelopment of the technique ( Korotkov, 1998b ) : Nikola Tesla in the USA, J.J. Narkiewich-Jodko in Russia, Pratt and Schlemmer in Prague until the Russian technician Semyon D. Kirlian together with his married woman Valentina noticed that through the interaction of electric currents and exposure home bases, imprints of life beings developed on movie. In 1970 100s of partisans started to reproduce Kirlian exposure an the research was until 1995 limited to utilizing a photo-paper technique. In 1995 a new attack, based on CCD Video techniques, and computing machine processing of information was developed by Korotkov ( 1998a ; B ) and his squad in St. Petersburg, Russia. Their instrument Crown-TV can be routinely used which opens practical possibilities to analyze the effects of GDV. The basic thought of GDV is to make an electromagnetic field utilizing a high electromotive force and high frequence generator. After a thershold electromotive force is exceeded the ionisation of gas around the studied object takes topographic point and as a side consequence the quanta of light { photons are emitted. So the discharge can be fixed optically by a exposure, exposure detector or TV-camera. Assorted parametric quantities inA °uence the ionisation procedure ( Korotkov, 1998b ) : gas belongingss ( gas type, force per unit area, gas content ) , electromotive force parametric quantities ( amplitude, frequence, impulse wave form ) , electrode parametric quantities ( constellation, distance, dust and wet, macro and micro defects, electromagnetic field constellation ) and studied object parametric quantities ( common electric resistance, physical Fieldss, skin voltaic response, etc. ) . So the Kirlian consequence is the consequence of mechanical, chemical, and electromagnetic procedures, and field interactions. Gas discharge acts as agencies of heightening and visual image of super-weak procedures. Due to the big figure of parametric quantities that inA °uence the Kirlian consequence it is really diA ±cult or impossible to command them all, so in the development of discharge there is ever an component of vagueness or stochastic. This is one of the grounds why the technique has non yet been widely accepted in pattern as consequences did non hold a high duplicability. All accounts of the Kirlian consequence apprehended A °uorescence as the emanation of a biological object. Due to the low duplicability, in academic circles there was a widely dispersed sentiment that all ascertained phenomena are nil else but A °uctuation of the crown discharge without any connexion to the studied object. With modern engineering, the duplicability became suA ±cent to enable serious scientific surveies. Besides analyzing inanimate objects, such as H2O and assorted liquids ( Korotkov, 1998b ) , minerals, the most widely studied are populating beings: workss ( foliage, seeds, etc. ( Korotkov and Kouznetsov, 1997 ; Korotkov, 1998b ) ) , animate beings ( Krashenuk et al. , 1998 ) , and of class worlds. For worlds, most widely recorded are aureoles of fingers ( Kraweck, 1994 ; Korotkov, 1998b ) , and GDV records of blood extracts ( Voeikov, 1998 ) . Principal among these are surveies of the psycho-physiological province and energy of a human, diagnosing ( Gurvits and Korotkov, 1998 ) , reactions to some medical specialties, reactions to assorted substances, nutrient ( Kraweck, 1994 ) , dental intervention ( Lee, 1998 ) , alternate healing intervention, such as stylostixis, ‘bioenergy ‘ , homoeopathy, assorted relaxation and massage techniques ( Korotkov, 1998b ) , GEM therapy, applied kineziology and A °ower kernel intervention ( Hein, 1999 ) , leech therapy, etc. , and eve n analyzing the GDV images after decease ( Korotkov, 1998a ) . There are many surveies presently traveling on all over the universe and there is no uncertainty that the human elusive energy field, as vizualized utilizing the GDV technique, is extremely correlated to the homo ‘s psycho-physiological province, and can be used for nosologies, omens, theraphy choice, and commanding the effects of the therapy.4.LimitationM. Schurr, from the Section for Minimal Invasive Surgery of the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, gave an invited talk on endoscopic techniques and the function of ML methods in this context. He referred to current restrictions of endoscopic techniques, which are related to the limitations of entree to the human organic structure, associated to endoscopy. In this respect, the proficient restrictions include: limitations of manual capablenesss to pull strings human variety meats through a little entree, restrictions in visualising tissues and limitations in acquiring diagnostic information about tissues. To relieve these jobs, international engin eering developments concentrate on the creative activity of new use techniques affecting robotics and intelligent detector devices for more precise endoscopic intercessions. It is acknowledged that this new coevals of detector devices contributes to the development and spread of intelligent systems in medical specialty by supplying ML methods with informations for farther processing. Current applications include suturing in cardiac surgery, and other clinical Fieldss. It was mentioned that peculiar focal point is put by several research groups on the development of new endoscopic visualizing and diagnostic tools. In this context, the potencies of new imaging rules, such as fluorescence imagination or optical maser scanning microscopy, and machine acquisition methods are really high. The clinical thought behind these developments is early sensing of malignant lesions in phases were local endoscopic therapy is possible. Technical developments in this field are really promising, nevert heless, clinical consequences are still pending and ongoing research will hold to clear up the existent potency of these engineerings for clinical usage. Moustakis and Charissis ‘ work ( Moustakis and Charissis, 1999 ) surveyed the function of ML in medical determination devising and provided an extended literature reappraisal on assorted ML applications in medical specialty that could be utile to practicians interested in using ML methods to better the efficiency and quality of medical determination doing systems. In this work the point of acquiring off from the truth measures as exclusive rating standards of larning algorithms was stressed. The issue of understandability, i.e. how good the medical expert can understand and therefore utilize the consequences from a system that applies ML methods, is really of import and should be carefully considered in the rating.5.Improvement & A ; ConclusionThe workshop gave the chance to research workers working in the ML field to acquire an overview of current work of ML in medical applications and/or addition understanding and experience in this country. Furthermore, immature research wor kers had the chance to show their thoughts, and received feedback from other workers in the country. The participants acknowledged that the diffusion of ML methods in medical applications can be really effectual in bettering the efficiency and the quality of medical attention, but it still presents jobs that are related to both theory and applications. From a theoretic point of position, it is of import to heighten our apprehension of ML algorithms every bit good as to supply mathematical justifications for their belongingss, in order to reply cardinal inquiries and get utile penetration in the public presentation and behaviour of ML methods. On the other manus, some major issues which concern the procedure of larning cognition in pattern are the visual image of the erudite cognition, the demand for algorithms that will pull out apprehensible regulations from nervous webs, every bit good as algorithms for placing noise and outliers in the information. The participants besides mentioned some other jobs that arise in ML applications and should be addressed, like the control of over adjustment and the grading belongingss of the ML methods so that they can use to jobs with big datasets, and high-dimensional input ( characteristic ) and end product ( classes-categories ) infinites. A repeating subject in the recommendations made by the participants was the demand for understandability of the acquisition result, relevancy of regulations, standards for choosing the ML applications in the medical context, the integrating with the patient records and the description of the appropriate degree and function of intelligent systems in health care. These issues are really complex, as proficient, organisational and societal issues become intertwined. Previous research and experience suggests that the successful execution of information systems ( e.g. , ( Anderson, 1997 ; Pouloudi, 1999 ) ) , and determination support systems in peculiar ( e.g. , ( Lane et al. , 1996 ; Ridderikhoff and new wave Herk, 1999 ) ) , in the country of health care relies on the successful integrating of the engineering with the organisational and societal context within which it is applied. Medical information is critical for the diagnosing and intervention of patients and therefore the ethical issues presented during its life rhythm are critical. Understanding these issues becomes imperative as such engineerings become permeant. Some of these issues are system-centered, i.e. , related to the built-in jobs of the ML research. However, it is worlds, non systems, who can move as moral agents. This means that it is worlds that can place and cover with ethical issues. Therefore, it is of import to analyze the emerging challenges and ethical issues from a human-centred position by sing the motives and ethical quandary of research workers, developers and medical users of ML methods in medical applications.

PEST Analysis for a Company in the Tourism Industry Essay

The Tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries in theworld. The World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that in 2004 Travel and tourism is expected to generate* US$ 5,490.4 billion of economic activity* 10.4% of total GDP* 214,697,000 jobs or 8.1% of total employment* 12.2% of total exports [1]My task is to conduct a PEST analysis for a company within the Tourismindustry. Within the tourism industry, I have to select one area of interestlike transportation, accommodation and transportation etc. and thenone company doing business with these sectors related with thetourism. According to Leiper ?Transportation is the only link between thetourist-generating region and destination region?[2]So, transportationwas a more interesting sector to discuss in the report but I tried tofind a company which is related with all these main sub-sectorsdiscussed above in the report. I have decided to look in the U.K market for such company because?Tourism is one of the largest industries in U.K, worth approximately75.9  £ Billion to the U.K economy in 2002 and supporting around 2.1million jobs.? [3]During my research on internet I found many companies offeringservices in the tourism of U.K but I have decided to choose ?SimplyTravel? because of its variety of services offering related with theaccommodation, transportation and attractions. 1.2 Problem FormulationIn the problem formulation part of my report I would describe theoverall situation of the U.K Tourism industry. The service concept of?Simply Travel? will give us information about the services providedby the company. I will find out about the customers, competitors ofthe company. I will find out what political, economical, social andtechnological factors affecting the company and its demand situation. 1.3 LimitationsThe biggest limitation for writing this report is time and the pagesto write. It is a broad topic and it could be better presented ifavailable more time and space to write about, but still I have triedto  highlight some main points raised during my finding. My knowledgeabout the company ?Simply Travel? is internet-based and I could notable to contact the company for further information. Due to the lackof information about the company I will only describe one component ofthe Service Management System. I will be describing only the OT partof the SWOT analysis. 1.4 MethodologyBeing inspired from the Service Management System I will describe theservice concept of the company .I will conduct a P.E.S.T analysis tofind out the political, economical, social and Technological factorsaffecting the company. From SWOT analysis, I was conducting OTanalysis to find opportunities for the ?Simply travel? in future. 1.5 DataI will use Secondary data collected from different industry reportsavailable on internet for my report. Data provided in conductingP.E.S.T analysis has been taken from www.statistics.gov.uk. Chapter 22.1 Simply Travel?s Service Concept[4]Established in 1978, Simply Travel has been providing travel solutionssince 26 years for the discerning travels who want more from theirholiday than just a decent tan. Not through the aggressive marketingtactics, but by providing an attractive alternative to mass-marketpackage holidays has lead ?Simply travel? to gain a big loyalty poolamong the holiday travellers. Mentioning about the core services provided by the, company provideshand- picked properties to meet the individual needs of its customers. Ski holidays, winter sun, Family holidays (special locations forfamily holidays with child care) helpful staff, peace of mind andsafety during the whole travel are the core services provided by thecompany. Unparalleled service, late availability, nannies for kids , pleasantexperiences for its customers are the peripheral services provided bythe company. 2.2 Service PackageService package provided by the company for different holiday travelsincludes all airport taxes, flights and transfers, accommodationincluding breakfast and meals and the service of its representatives. Chapter 33.1 CustomersHolidaymaking is the main reason that UK residents travel abroad. Asthe company deals with the both inbound and outbound tourism I willhave a brief look on the inbound and outbound market. Number ofoverseas visits by UK residents increased to 59.3 million in2002.Expenditures by these visitors, excluding international fares £27.07 billion-slightly higher than the total for the domestic market(which includes fares). Describing about the demographics of the customers, most of thecustomers are families with children and older people but latest trendhas been seen in the youth to take holidays. 3.1.1 Customers? Buying BehaviourContinued concerns over safety and security while travelling are foundin the customers for holiday travels. Tourists are increasingly buyingexperiences rather than a usual routine holiday. They try to find aparticular activity. The fuel blockades at U.K petrol stations, the events of 11thSeptember 2001, the foot and mouth outbreak, SARS and Iraqi war hashad continuous affect on the buying behaviour of UK market customers. Consumers are showing a continuing search for value for money fromtheir  holiday choices. Consumers expect more choice, individuality andvariety. 3.2 CompetitorsAggressive marketing by low cost airlines and internet bookingagencies present a big challenge for the holiday market. Airlines likeBritish Airways are offering customers to make their own travel plansthrough internet. Travel agents compete in variety of ways i.e. price,quality and the package itself. Companies offer special discountedpackages and also compete on branding. As there are hundreds oftravel agents in the U.K market so, it?s difficult to specify thecompetitors in the market. Travel select, Expedia, Travelocity, Ebookers and Thomas cook etc. are the big names in the market andoccupy the bigger part of holiday sales for the U.K customers. 3.3 MarketI can say that market is in a state of perfect competition and noindividual consumer and travel agent is in position to affect themarket. Key success factors for ?Simply Travel? are* Effectively segmented and targeted adventure travellers marketwithin the larger travel market. * Successfully positioned as travel specialists. * Personal interaction, media and marketing. * Repetition of customers, Loyalty pool3.4 PEST analysisTo assess the market for the business of ?Simply Travel? I willconduct PEST analysis to find out about the Political, Economic,Social and Technological factors in the external macro-environment. 3.4.1 Political FactorsPolitical arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses.It includes government regulations and legal issues under whichbusinesses should operate. According to the findings, political environment of U.K. is quitestable. Issues like enlargement of European Union and war against terror havehad an  effect on the political stability of the government. In result of growing awareness of the environmental consequences, U.KGovernment is planning actions to ensure aviation reflects itsenvironmental impacts. Proposals are emerging for a tax on aviationfuel and VAT on air tickets. Government?s taxation policies and decision about the increasing thepetrol prices have affected the buying power of the individuals inU.K. The political decision as to whether a UK sign up to single Europeancurrency is again having an effect on the businesses. 3.4.2 Economic Factors Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customersand also affect the individual company’s offerings. U.K economy is benefiting form gradual low inflation rate. Inflationrate Inflation rate fell to 1.3% in February 2004. In U.K, unemployment is low. According to labour market statistics inJanuary 2004 fell down to 4.8 per cent. Job confidence is high andbecause of this confidence spending by consumer is also high. Predictions point to continuing GDP growth over the period averagingaround 2.4% a year (GDP rose by 0.9% in fourth quarter of 2003), withreal household disposable income rising at a somewhat faster rate. Household expenditures rose to 0.9 per cent with the increase indisposable income. The UK?s deficit on trade in goods and services in February 2004 stoodat  £3.2 billion ?compared with the revised deficit for January of  £4.4billion. Continued sales growth has been observed during the past few months inthe UK economy. Exchange rates are favourable for UK residents for travelling abroaddue to strong position of British Pound against the other foreigncurrencies. ?Euro? used as a single currency in many Europeancountries, is also stable against the other foreign currencies. Latest predictions for the UK economy suggest that it will remain oneof the strongest economies in the world over the next five years, withlow inflation (inflation fell to 1.3% during February 2004), lowunemployment and reasonable economic growth. The downside is that disparities between the wealthier parts of thecountry, not all in the south east of England, and pockets ofdeprivation, will get wider, with implications for travel demand. These are likely to influence the growth of the UK resident travelmarket. 3.4.3 Social FactorsA trend of getting internet access at home and buying online isdeveloping in the UK. According to statistics in September 2003, 11.9million households online were recorded. Listening to music or radio is a popular choice among the UKresidents.92% of people content to spend their evenings and weekendswatching TV or hired videos. To socialize, most people think toentertain family and friends at home rather than going out (79%). A great trend has been seen in U.K population about diet and healthissues in the recent years. This trend leads towards the need of morefitness clubs and organic food for the people from U.K Changes in thestructure of the population because of the immigrants from Europe,Asia and Africa etc. will also affect the supply and demands of goodswithin the U.K economy. Continued concerns over safety and security while travelling are foundin the U.K residents. Lifestyle changes have also been affecting the U.K travel market for anumber of years. Postponing the start of the family and an increase inthe number of households consisting of couples with two incomes arethe main trends toward the changing life style. Changing fashions,which are difficult to predict also have an affect on the market. 3.4.4 Technological FactorsThe rapid development of technology is affecting the businesses in UKand all over the world. Changes in the technology have changed the waybusinesses operate i.e. Internet booking for tickets and holidays. Faster changing development in technology creates a need to reactquickly for different businesses in order they want to maintain thecompetitive environment by providing the same innovative services,which their competitors are offering. Distribution of products by the use of technologies e.g. marketinginformation systems, customer relationship management are also commonpractices with different businesses for effective services to theircustomers. Chapter 44.1 Impacts on demand situationFindings from the PEST analysis will enable me to comment on theimpacts on the demand situation of the customers of the ?SimplyTravel?. ElasticitiesChanges in the quantity demanded due to change in price and income arevery important for the tourism industry. Rising disposable incomeamong the UK residents is the positive indication for the ?SimplyTravel? that people will have enough money to buy company?s products. However, Government?s fiscal policies for tax on aviation fuel and VATon air tickets will impact the company?s supply of services at thesame rate. Higher prices of the tour packages will lead to lesserdemand among the UK residents. Cross-Price ElasticitiesNot only a price change in the UK due to taxes is important but alsothe price of the facilities in other destinations where  company servesis also important. For example rising prices in Italy, Spain etc. fordifferent tourism related products will also make supply of productsexpensive for the tourists. TrendsLatest trends of home- entertainment and more awareness about the dietand health-issues does also have an impact on the demand of thetourist. Company will have to compile the Supplies of servicespackages with variety of facilities available according toindividual?s choice, so it can make supply of the products a bitexpensive for the customers. Purchasing methodGrowing direct purchases of holiday packages from airlines will impactthe demand situation .Buying the package direct from suppliers i.e. Hotels, air lines will decrease the demand of the tourists. Moreover, low inflation rate and high employment rate and favourableexchange rate will increase the buying power of the tourists so itwill increase the demand in British holiday travellers for the holidaytravels abroad. 4.2 OT analysisTo find opportunities and threats from the external environment forthe ?Simply Travel?, I will conduct the OT analysis. 4.2.1 OpportunitiesOpportunities exist for ?Simply Travel? in expanding the servicepackage according to the latest trends such as* Packages with individual concerned Diet and health matters* Adding particular activities for the tourists, providingexperiences* Providing more choice, individuality and variety. And providing the real value for the money of the tourists. 4.2.1 ThreatsCheap airlines adding facilities for the travellers to make their owntravel plan is the biggest threat for the company. Government?s decision to add taxes on aviation fuel and VAT for airlines are also a main threat for the company. Latest trends of home entertainment i.e. listening radio, watching TV,Inviting family and friends are also threatening the company. Terrorist attacks like 9/11 is also a big threat for the company. Chapter 5ConclusionI conclude my report by saying that the Holiday Travel market in UK isin a state of perfect competition. Though there are positive signs inthe economy for present and near future and buying power of theindividuals is increasing day by day but still ?Simply Travel ? is in need to expand its service package according to the latest trends. ———————————————————————[1] http://www.wttc.org/2004tsa/frameset2a.htm[2] Tourism, principles and practices,2nd edition,pp5[3] www.staruk.org.uk[4] The information used in describing the service concept and servicepackage of ?Simply travel? are obtained from www.simply-travel.com.

Radiocarbon Dating - Reliable but Misunderstood

Radiocarbon Dating - Reliable but Misunderstood Radiocarbon dating is one of the best known archaeological dating techniques available to scientists, and the many people in the general public have at least heard of it. But there are many misconceptions about how radiocarbon works and how reliable a technique it is. Radiocarbon dating was invented in the 1950s by the American chemist Willard F. Libby and a few of his students at the University of Chicago: in 1960, he won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention. It was the first absolute scientific method ever invented: that is to say, the technique was the first to allow a researcher to determine how long ago an organic object died, whether it is in context or not. Shy of a date stamp on an object, it is still the best and most accurate of dating techniques devised. How Does Radiocarbon Work? All living things exchange the gas Carbon 14 (C14) with the atmosphere around them- animals and plants exchange Carbon 14 with the atmosphere, fish and corals exchange carbon with dissolved C14 in the water. Throughout the life of an animal or plant, the amount of C14 is perfectly balanced with that of its surroundings. When an organism dies, that equilibrium is broken. The C14 in a dead organism slowly decays at a known rate: its half life. The half-life of an isotope like C14 is the time it takes for half of it to decay away: in C14, every 5,730 years, half of it is gone. So, if you measure the amount of C14 in a dead organism, you can figure out how long ago it stopped exchanging carbon with its atmosphere. Given relatively pristine circumstances, a radiocarbon lab can measure the amount of radiocarbon accurately in a dead organism for as long as 50,000 years ago; after that, theres not enough C14 left to measure. Tree Rings and Radiocarbon There is a problem, however. Carbon in the atmosphere fluctuates with the strength of earths magnetic field and solar activity. You have to know what the atmospheric carbon level (the radiocarbon reservoir) was like at the time of an organisms death, in order to be able to calculate how much time has passed since the organism died. What you need is a ruler, a reliable map to the reservoir: in other words, an organic set of objects that you can securely pin a date on, measure its C14 content and thus establish the baseline reservoir in a given year. Fortunately, we do have an organic object that tracks carbon in the atmosphere on a yearly basis: tree rings. Trees maintain carbon 14 equilibrium in their growth rings- and trees produce a ring for every year they are alive. Although we dont have any 50,000-year-old trees, we do have overlapping tree ring sets back to 12,594 years. So, in other words, we have a pretty solid way to calibrate raw radiocarbon dates for the most recent 12,594 years of our planets past. But before that, only fragmentary data is available, making it very difficult to definitively date anything older than 13,000 years. Reliable estimates are possible, but with large /- factors. The Search for Calibrations As you might imagine, scientists have been attempting to discover other organic objects that can be dated securely steadily since Libbys discovery. Other organic data sets examined have included varves (layers in sedimentary rock which were laid down annually and contain organic materials, deep ocean corals, speleothems (cave deposits), and volcanic tephras; but there are problems with each of these methods. Cave deposits and varves have the potential to include old soil carbon, and there are as-yet unresolved issues with fluctuating amounts of C14 in ocean corals. Beginning in the 1990s, a coalition of researchers led by Paula J. Reimer of the CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment and Chronology, at Queens University Belfast, began building an extensive dataset and calibration tool that they first called CALIB. Since that time, CALIB, now renamed IntCal, has been refined several timesas of this writing (January 2017), the program is now called IntCal13. IntCal combines and reinforces data from tree-rings, ice-cores, tephra, corals, and speleothems to come up with a significantly improved calibration set for c14 dates between 12,000 and 50,000 years ago. The latest curves were ratified at the 21st International Radiocarbon Conference in July of 2012. Lake Suigetsu, Japan Within the last few years, a new potential source for further refining radiocarbon curves is Lake Suigetsu in Japan. Lake Suigetsus annually formed sediments hold detailed information about environmental changes over the past 50,000 years, which radiocarbon specialist PJ Reimer believes will be as good as, and perhaps better than, samples cores from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Researchers Bronk-Ramsay et al. report 808 AMS dates based on sediment varves measured by three different radiocarbon laboratories. The dates and corresponding environmental changes promise to make direct correlations between other key climate records, allowing researchers such as Reimer to finely calibrate radiocarbon dates between 12,500 to the practical limit of c14 dating of 52,800. Constants and Limits Reimer and colleagues point out that IntCal13 is just the latest in calibration sets, and further refinements are to be expected. For example, in IntCal09s calibration, they discovered evidence that during the Younger Dryas (12,550-12,900 cal BP), there was a shutdown or at least a steep reduction of the North Atlantic Deep Water formation, which was surely a reflection of climate change; they had to throw out data for that period from the North Atlantic and use a different dataset. We should see some interesting results in the very near future. Sources and Further Information Bronk Ramsey C, Staff RA, Bryant CL, Brock F, Kitagawa H, Van der Plicht J, Schlolaut G, Marshall MH, Brauer A, Lamb HF et al. 2012. A complete terrestrial radiocarbon record for 11.2 to 52.8 kyr B.P. Science 338:370-374.Reimer PJ. 2012. Atmospheric science. Refining the radiocarbon time scale. Science 338(6105):337-338.Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck CE, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Friedrich M et al. . 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869–1887.Reimer P, Baillie M, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck J, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck C, Burr G, Edwards R et al. 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51(4):1111-1150.Stuiver M, and Reimer PJ. 1993. Extended C14 data base and revised Calib 3.0 c14 age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35(1):215-230.

Informative and Surprising Essay

Informative and Surprising Essay Informative and Surprising Essay Informative and Surprising Essay: Writing One While you are writing informative and surprising essay you have to inform and surprise readers at one and the same time. Well, it is rather simple to understand it with the help of the title of the essay; however, it is not simple to understand what to write in such a kind of essay. We will try to explain you what you have to write your informative and surprising essay about with the help of the example. You see, in order to write a good informative and surprising essay you should speak about some every day activity or about some object you use every day, however, you have to do it from some unusual angel in order to inform the readers and to surprise them with some of the fact they are not aware of. Pick an Interesting Topic for Your Informative and Surprising Essay Writing For example, everyone knows that in order to get rid of moth one has to put some lavender in the place where this moth has found a shelter. However, recently it h as been proved that lavender is the thing, which attracts the moth and does not help to get rid of it at all. It only helps moth to feel itself like at home, sweet home. Make this subject be a topic for your informative and surprising essay and you are really going to inform and surprise your readers a great deal, as almost all the remedies for getting rid of moth are made with the smell of lavender. You see such a paradox! Hope this very example will explain you which informative and surprising essay topic to choose. If still you have some troubles with your informative essay writing, you are welcome to attend our custom essay writing site and to get some more informative and surprising essay ideas. In addition to it, you are going to be offered with hundreds of creative informative and surprising essay topics and informative and surprising essay ideas at our site. Moreover, you may read several informative and surprising essay samples in order to understand how to build your informative essay. All the above-mentioned services are available to you round-o-clock and free of charge. Professional Help With Informative Essays If you do not consider informative and surprising essay writing to be your strong point you can order it online in order not to waste your nerves while writing it. Just tell our representatives about your demands from informative and surprising essay, and you are going to get what you want in the shortest period of time and for the rather moderate price.

Stockholders' Equity (Assignment 10) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stockholders' Equity ( 10) - Assignment Example Common stock Authorized The most significant change was the change in comprehensive income whereby Pentair, Inc. recorded an overwhelming percentage of 576.94. The other significant change in stockholders equity involved a negative change in the amount of total stockholders’ equity which was recorded at -7.15%. 4. Check here if your firm had no preferred stock outstanding. If your company had preferred stock outstanding at any time during the most recent year, indicate which of the following features apply. Pentair, Inc did not have any preferred stock. f. For characteristics a. through e. that apply to your firms preferred stock, indicate the specifics of that characteristic to your stock. For example, if it is convertible, under what terms can it be converted? If yes, identify the number of shares issued of each type of stock, par value (if any), and total dollar amount received from each issue. Pentair, Inc. issued 98,622.564 shares and collected 15,779,610.24 million dollars. These were class A common stock. Based on the Note about P/E ratios, what does your firms price-earnings ratio tend to indicate about investors expectations regarding the companys future earnings? Pentair, Inc has a high P/E ratio and this boosts investor confidence in the firm. The ratio basically indicates that the company is expected to produce higher earnings for its shareholders. Assuming the dividend yield ratio you just computed has been fairly constant over recent years, briefly explain what this reveals about the cash return an owner receives on his/her investment each year. Do you believe this is a satisfactory return on a stockholders investment? What other source of return (besides dividends) do stockholders earn on their investment? Pentair, Inc. has a low dividend yield on its common stocks. Investors always make money from their investments in stocks in form of both

E-marketing strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

E-marketing strategy - Assignment Example The e marketing differs from traditional marketing in that it involves the use of channels and methods that enable an organization to analyze marketing campaigns and understand what is working and what is not typically in real time. Digital marketers check things like what is being viewed, how often and for how long, sales conversions, what content works and does not work.Normaly, the internet is the channel that is mostly associated with digital marketing.(Csheing, 2010) Ordinarily, digital marketing and its associated channels are important to the existence and the profitability of the company. It is important to know your customers better than anybody else so that you can communicate with them where, when and how they are most receptive to your message. This is done by consolidating views of customer preferences and expectations across all channels – Web, social media, mobile, direct mail and point of sale. Marketers can use this information to create and anticipate consistent, coordinated customer experiences that will move customers along in the buying cycle. The deeper your insight into customer behavior and preferences, the more likely you are to engage them in lucrative interactions thus much sales.(Csheing, 2010) Ordinarily E-marketing involves the use of the Internet and digital media capabilities to assist in increasing the sale of the products or services. The digital technologies use by the hotels contributes to the value addition compared to the traditional marketing approach. This is regardless of the size and type of the hotel or restaurant. Standard hotels have fully applied the e-marketing with the aim of increasing the profitability of the Hotel. (Porta, 2012) Standard hotels have e marketing objectives that are geared towards achieving its mission. Firstly; the Hotel has an objective of achieving about 30% of online sales within the half a year of starting online

Strategy Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategy Implementation - Essay Example They need to update and improve their mission and visionary statements. A modification of their mission statement would be beneficial for them to create a new and improved business image. StilSim needs to fix its value statements and maintain them as well. Along with these, they need to create a list of stratagems to assist them in their success. To determine the risk factors that could hinder them, they should create a new organizational structure that also contains a plan of backup in the event that the new organizational structure implemented does not work. They would also benefit from a behavior controlling system, thus allowing StilSim to offer incentives and rewards to their employees, improving performance rates. Finally, StilSim needs to address the ethics problems they have and make plans for the issues that they currently have not addressed. If StilSim were to execute these changes, they would be able to be more competitive within the market and create a new period of reven ue. StilSim’s Mission and Vision Statements The name ‘StilSim’ is suggestive of the enthusiasm we have about our company. We have a large knowledge base about our people and recognitions that we have gotten from our workings in the market and in our community. In keeping with our individuality and enthusiasm, our name also implies the same. Currently, we have three operating offices in Ohio, where our staff is extensively knowledgeable of our clients’ accounts. They provide our clients with flexibility that no other company can. We have been operating for over 25 years and truly understand the trials of our chosen market, allowing us to provide the services that can exceed those tests. Value Statement Our values are simple and altruistic: Respect, integrity, honesty, quality, excellence and continued improvement are our commitments. We are committed to our clientele, which has been our primary focal point and number one priority in our service presentation . We honor our clients, partners, shareholders and employees, with a passion that provides exceptional results. To ensure quality of service and understanding, we provide all of our customers and employees with a handbook complete with all of the pertinent information about our company. Plan of Action In order for StilSim to implement the necessary changes, they must have a plan of action that is ascertainable. It will make certain that they are looking after our customers and ensuring that no one and nothing is left behind. The current plan of action is a low cost strategy that is perceived to allow them to move forward and be successful. StilSim believes that they need to update our technological base, as it is the original platform they started with. In today’s world, technological advances are in constant flux and for them to keep up with the times they must implement new technology in order to compete. To start, StilSim needs to upgrade their current database. This infor mation is imperative to be kept in a highly organized, accessible, manageable construct. An upgrade to the database will also allow the company to classify the information they have based on content. Another technological update that would be beneficial is the use of intranet. This will allow StilSim to communicate more efficiently within the company’s borders, improve communication in the sharing of data and improve employees’ knowledge of the company’s workings. StilSim would greatly benefit from voicemail, to

Climate Change In The Cradle Of Civilization History Essay

Climate Change In The Cradle Of Civilization History Essay The Fertile Crescent is a region in Western Asia, where ancient civilizations have developed. Population increases and intermittent dry spells in the region have resulted in agricultural innovations. The reason why this region is being called as Fertile Crescent is the fertile land and optimal climate conditions. Geographically speaking this area has been determined by Albert T. Clay as follow; The fertile crescent refers to an ancient area of fertile soil and important rivers stretching in an arc from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates. It covers Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq. The Mediterranean lies on the outside edge of the arc. To the south of the arc is the Arabian Desert. On the east, the Fertile Crescent extends to the Persian Gulf. Geologically, this corresponds with where Iranian, African, and Arabian tectonic plates meet.  [2]   Furthermore, ancient history has showed us a positive correlation between fertile soil or appropriate climatic conditions and development of civilization. Therefore, Fertile Crescent which is also known as the cradle of civilization is the place where is believed to be home not only for the birthplace of various human civilizations but also other significant developments like writing and wheel. Appropriate climatic conditions are vitally important factor on development of civilizations. And the reason behind the occurrence of first civilizations in Fertile Crescent is the agricultural production that fed by the rain. Moreover, As a result of agricultural production and long term settlement, some of the first cities of human being on world have occurred in the Fertile Crescent. Many different civilizations like Natufians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Amorites, the Hittites, and  Assyrians have accrued in the  in this small region of the world. Researches on proxy records and excavations show the period of climate changes are often correspond to social change period as well. In other word, climate changes have crucial impacts on development of societies and its particularity. In this research paper, Im going to look over the major Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent from 10,000 B.C. to 2,000 B.C. Particularly, to con on how the climate influence agriculture and what kind of impact it had on civilizations that occurred in that region.   11,000 to 10,000 B.C. Younger Dryas 15.000 year ago, the impact of Ice Age chill extended into the heart of south-western Asia. From Greece to Egypt, the eastern Mediterranean lay under the influence of north-easterly anticyclonic winds that blew from the high-pressure masses over the Scandinavian and Siberian ice sheets.  [3]  Even though there were regular rainfalls the weather was dry. Tauros Mountains in Turkey, Jordan rift valley and Sinai Peninsula were seasonal landscapes where most of the Ice Age Bands lived in. Main source of nutrition were seeds and fruits, which depended on seasonal rainfalls. When the great warming began, the northeasterlies subsided. Moister air flows from Atlantic and Mediterranean brought higher rainfalls. Warmer conditions after 13,000 B.C. saw a rapid increase in acorn-rich oak forests, documented in pollen samples from ancient lake beds in eastern Iran, the Jordan Valley, and other locations  [4]  . With the impact of great warming, small bands that lived over a vast area of Fertile Crescent become highly mobile. This means larger territories for hunters. When it comes about 11,000 B.C. a series of drought have occurred, which has endured for many generations: Younger Dryas. Younger Dryas is a major cooling and drying climatic event with global impact for human settlement, subsistence and influenced cultural developments at the origins of agriculture  [5]  . Several scientists have developed different theories about resolution of climatic and environmental reconstructions across the transition to agriculture and development of societies. One of the most accepted theory has been developed by Gordon Childe which is named as Propinquity Theory. Childe argues that a desiccation trend forced humans into close contact with plants and animals surrounding permanent water sources. However many theorists came later have disproved Childes theory. Natalie D. Munro express those pro-arguments against Childes theory as follow climatic instability introduced by the Younger Dryas reduced the distribution of cereal crops, lowered carrying capacity, and thus uprooted the sedentary way of life that began 14.5-13/12.8 thousand calibrated years ago  [6]   In order to lighten the relations between climate change and development of civilization during the period of Younger Dryas, different studies have been focus on settlement of Abu Hureyra(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 11,500 B.C), which is located at Euphrates  valley in modern Syria. Natufians were the first known settlers of Abu Hureyra. It has been stated that Theres nothing particularly distinctive about Natufian toolkit: the people relied on the same simple hunting weapons as their neighbours and predecessors. But a glance at their artefacts highlights the importance of plants foods in their lives such as pastels employed for pounding nuts or numerous mortars  [7]  . Food like acorns and pistachios were vitally important storable surpluses for Natufians, which kept them in same location. For about 500 years, the Abu Hureyra people(Natufians) had meat supply from hunting gazelles as well. In the course of time, constant food surpluses created bigger communities. However, a rapidly growin g population brought conflicts over foods particularly in dry years. After about 11,000 B.C. the classic strategies of social flexibility and mobility no longer sufficed, not only Abu Hureyrans, but also thousands of people living elsewhere in southern Asia. According to Brain Fagan no longer could people simply move away to better-watered locations, or fall back on less favoured ones.  [8]  By passage of time, population located in many parts of Fertile Crescent have increased and they start to become less mobile. New permanent locations were defenceless to any rapid climatic shifts, particularly to long drought events. There are different theories on why and how the Younger Dryas has happened. One of the most accepted theory argues that the Younger Dryas was caused by a significant reduction or shutdown of the North Atlantic  thermohaline circulation. However, geological evidence is standing far away from this theory. In fact, what has been more important for people of Abu Hureyra and other small communities around Fertile Crescent was dramati c temperature fluctuation. People struggled to maintain their lives because they have stopped to gather fruits from trees, nuts from the forest which were in a not reachable distance anymore. Only 400 years later wild cereal vanished and even pistachios became less common. In the length of time, landscape became more arid and the people became familiar to drier weather. However, the fight between nature and mankind remained and they took the next virtual step of civilization. In about 10,000 B.C., people start to domesticate seeds (rye, einkorn, and lentils)  [9]  However, because of bigger population the problem of vegetation still remained. As a result, its necessary to underline that the extreme cooling of climate, Younger Dryas, could have great impacts on civilizations as it has impeded the progress of early civilization. 10,000 B.C. to 8,000 Domestication So far my research question has focus only on what happened during Younger Dryas event and pre-conditions for possible first farmers of mankind in history. But there are still remaining questions to be answer in order to reveal the relation between climate change and its consequences on civilizations. Todays advance technology and knowledge provides various way of travelling to past so as to understand the history of civilization. Recently, many different techniques/methods like tree rings, ice cores, mineral deposits, etc. have been developed by scientist for that purpose. Different ice core researches have provided us some of the most significant and exciting paleoclimate discoveries of the past. A research which has been done by an international team head by Richard Alley provided great information about climate records of hundred thousand years before present. Figure 1 provides information about snowfall and temperature ( °F) based on ice core data between à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 18,000 BC to today. Figure 1 Greenland last ice core climate record greenlandTempRecent.png Source: Alley, The Two-Mile Time Machine, 2001. The temperature records from Younger dryas period show a clear picture of big freeze in world climate. As it can be seen from the figure when it comes to about 11,000 B.C, temperature record on ice core shows a radical change in temperature. Around 9,500 B.C., warming resumed and that was the end of Younger dryas. As the temperatures rose the world became warmer. And inevitably Favourable climatic conditions brought steady improvements in the Fertile Crescent environment, which encouraged the growth and spread of wild plants and animals that constituted food supply for an increasing human population.  [10]   Going back to the late Natufian settlements, a possible picture of Abu Hureyra after Younger dryas would be like that: some men would still hunt the gazelles every spring but in a harder condition because of the over demand. However, climatic condition would be much more adequate for people because of warmer temperatures and increased rainfall. Pistachio and acorn trees would start to bloomed again and the forests which have been disappeared during Younger dryas would soon flourish again. In addition, Jared Diamond argues that in this period the hunter-gatherers of Abu Hureyra evidently knew the local wild plants and they used that knowledge to select and bring home only the most useful available seed plants.  [11]  However they were not aware of the fact of being the first civilization who domesticated the plant. The first undisputed archaeological evidence for plant domestication comes from the Levant, a region on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean which includes present-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. At numerous sites throughout this area, evidence of the cultivation of emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, peas, flax, chick peas, bitter vetch, and barely has been discovered.  [12]  Assorted excavations from this area have the earliest determined date for plant (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 8,500 B.C) and animal (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 8,000 B.C.) domestication. However, Fertile Crescent was not the only location where domestication took place about that time. Surprisingly, dates for China are quite close to the Fertile Crescents as well. Wheat, pea, olive, dog, sheep and goat were the first plants and animals which have been domesticated in Fertile Crescent. On the other hand, rice, millet, pig and silkworms were the subjects of domestication in China. Mesoamerica (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 3,500 B.C. ) has been another independent origin of domestication in history. Evidently, domestication revealed independently in different geographical location in the world; within a few thousand years. During my research I have realise that many scientists who developed theories on agricultural origins (like Gordon Childe, Ronald Wright, Charlie  Byrne,   Robert Braidwood etc.) have focus on the worldwide synchrony of domestication and they have turn to climatic and environmental changes as an explanation of first agriculture. Particularly, its well accepted that there were radical and rapid climate changes took place with the final recession of the ice sheets. However, these theories have not been enough strong to convince the argument of similar climatic and environmental instabilities have happened many times in the past without sparking agriculture. For that reason, personally I believe that instead of a universal theory of origins of agriculture regional explanation approaches are m ore logical. Except few scientists many archaeologists have agreed on the Fertile Crescent as the location for earliest agriculture. What make the Fertile Crescent being the birthplace early agriculture are undoubtedly the conditions. Frank Hole, an archaeologist in Yale University, described the precondition of Fertile Crescent for the plants domestication as follow: 1) foods of high quality are abundant and can be stored, 2) there is severe seasonal availability of these foods, 3) the territory is such that the people cannot override the limiting effects of seasonality on food resources through transhumance, 4) the territory or the resources themselves can be modified by humans to increase their yields, and 5) non-food commodities such as dung, wool, antlers, bitumen, obsidian, and so on, can be stockpiled  [13]  He believes that the most the most important pre-conditions are possibly number 2 and 3. Personally, I believe that the fact of being able know how to store the high quality seeds is the most important pre-condition for domestication. Archaeological evidence on development of storages methods before domestication period in Jordan Valley show us the importance of this pre-condition to us clearly. Overall, when the essential plant species occurred in the region, people of Fertile Crescent have join the progress plant domestication necessarily. They have learned to gather and process the plant foods in sufficient amount, safety method(s) to store them, and distribute them. Another factor that had impact on domestication has been the rise in the sea levels. Increasing evapo-transpiration at the end of Pleistocene led to the drying of lakes and a rise in sea levels also would have affected the abundance and pacing of resources  [14]  . This conditions push the late Natufians took the first brave step towards cereals planting. This development has been very important for human being because it enhanced a food supply system. On the other hand studies form Abbo et al. concludes as follow; We argue against climate change being at the origin of Near Eastern agriculture and believe that a slow but real climatic change is unlikely to induce revolutionary cultural changes.  [15]  However, factors related to climate change are not the only ones that had impact on the domestication. Cultural settings, changing of landscape and changes in plants and fauna are other factors which have shaped the domestication as well. 8,000 B.C. to 5,800 B.C. Spread of Agriculture and the 8.2ky Collapse After domestication took place in the Fertile Crescent spread of seeds became inevitable. Soon after food production arose there [in the Fertile Crescent], somewhat before 8000 B.C., a centrifugal wave of it [spread], appeared in other parts of western Eurasia and North Africa farther and farther removed from the Fertile Crescent, to the west and east.  [16]  According to Diamond, the rapid spread had reached different locations as in the figure. Figure 2: The spread of Fertile Crescent crops across western Eurasia Source: Diamond; 1997; 181. Diamond emphasizes that the because of the geographical characters of Eurasia spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent into Europe, Asia, and North Africa was much faster than in other parts of the world. Any civilization where domestication of plants and animals arrived they ensured steady food supply as well. Naturally, population rose and villages became bigger and bigger to cities. When people of different locations became farmer, in a short period some the small villages took their first step toward being the cradle of many civilizations. By 8,300 B.C., farming villages flourished on the Anatolia plateau in central Turkey, some of them close to sources of lustrous obsidian, fine-grained volcanic glass much prized for tool making and ornaments.  [17]  Approximately in 7500 B.C., one of the extraordinary settlements that flourished in Anatolia was Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k which covers 13 hectares. Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k was an enormous settlement because many early farming villages covered around only one hectare. Studies show people of Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k were advanced in cereal agriculture and method to store them. This led them to grow rapidly and develop their civilization further. Another village was settled in the Jordan Valley names as Jericho, which was about 4 hectares. As Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, Jaricho was also advanced in agriculture. In addition, becau se of their locations both villages grew from the benefits of long-distance trade. Probably, socio-economic conditions of early agricultural settlements in Levant, northern Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Balkans and eastern Mediterranean increased steadily until about 6,200 B.C. However, when Earths surface warmed again second post-glacial climate event, which is known as Laurentide ice sheet collapse, took place. When a big ice sheet collapsed, enormous amount of meltwater flowed out to the Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic. This climate change led similar climate condition in Europe which happened during the Younger Dryas. Figure 3 shows Greenland ice climatic records extending to the last glacial maximum. In 6,200 B.C., the Lautentide collapse can be observed clearly. After the collapse, instead of warm and rainy weather of Mediterranean climate, Fertile Crescent occupied by colder and drier weather of northerner pattern. That was start of a disaster for many farming societies in Mesopotamia, Anatolia and even in Balkans. During the period of deglaciation that preceded the abrupt climate event of 6,400-6,000 B.C., a remnant Laurentide ice mass occupied Hudson Bay and served as an ice dam for glacial lakes Agassiz and Ojibway. The rapid collapse of ice in Hudson Bay allowed lakes Agassiz and Ojibway, which had previously discharged over spillways south-eastwards to the St Lawrence estuary, to drain swiftly northwards through the Hudson Strait to the Labrador Sea  [18]   Figure 3 Greenland ice climatic records extending to the last glacial maximum. Source: Fagan; 2004; 24 Research conducted by Shuman et al. about the event shows the result from lake level measurements and pollen data. Both data address the same result: a rapid climate change in North American happen because of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.  [19]  This rapid chance in climate is known as 6,200 B.C. or 8.2 kilo year(ky) event. In the same research authors questions the reason of the 8.2 ky event as well. Rapid transitions may result from abrupt changes in regional or global climatic controls that do not rapidly reverse whereas climatic oscillations appear to be the product of temporary forcing, such as meltwater pulses or glacial surges.  [20]   Another simulation research that has been carried out by various scientists on Rapid early Holocene deglaciation of the Laurentide concluded that during the 8.2 ky event melting water from Laurentide Ice Sheet rose the lakes Agassiz level about 1.3 and 0.7 cm of per year.  [21]  What is more important, a rapid rise in ocean level resulted floods at various places in the world. The results show a disastrous rise in global sea level which led to the flooding of the Euxine Lake and resulted a dramatic social change particularly in Southern Europe, Anatolia, and eastern Mediterranean Climate history proves that within about 4000 years the balances of climate changed again. The conditions push back the development of early civilizations again as it did during the Younger Dryas. Melting water from the Laurentide Ice Sheet resulted in Atlantic circulation again. However, there are controversial opinions about impacts of the 8.2ky event among historians and scientists. Some of them like Staubwasser and Weninger argue that there is a strong correlation between 8.2ky and cultural, social and economical changes in the Neolithic phase.  [22]  ,  [23]  They claims that the event had virtual impact on many of the farming villages including Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, Jaricho, and Abu Hureyra for 400 years. Weninger et al. have put forward that the rapid spread of early farming to South-East Europe can be most plausibly understood as a direct and immediate reaction to abrupt climate forcing. The spread of early farming to South East Europe was extremely rapid and entirely synchronous with the catastrophic collapse of the ice dome above Hudson Bay at 8200 cal yr BP, many thousands of miles away  [24]  On the other hand, personally I think not many scientists have doubt about effect of this 8.2ky event on environmental settings. However, there are some suspicions about how this event affected developments of civilization. For instance, Weninger et al. proposed that the earliest pottery which has been discovered in Greece is associated with the incoming farming communities.  [25]  However, Budja, an archaeologist from University of Ljubljana, refuted this argument by claiming that potteries come out before the 8,200 B.P. within the hunter-gather framework at Danube Gorge, a region in Balkans.  [26]  Budja putting forth his argument by touching the first agriculture and animal domestication in Balkans but his argument has not been feeble because of lacking in evident. However, there are high number of scientist who believes that when 8,2 ky event happed farming villages were already settled near main European rivers. Furthermore, most probably, new climate condition pushed the farmers to the rivers and shore of lakes. Perhaps, people of Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k moved to western and southern coasts of Euxine Lake to remain their life at a place where the soil was still fertile and the weather conditions were favourable for farming. Unfortunately,  there is no reliable source of  information about these settlements yet. When it comes to the life in the Fertile Crescent, not much has been changed during the past centuries there. People were using the simple tools for agriculture and hunting. They did not have the knowledge and technical skills of using complex working tools. The distinction between role of the men and woman in society were still similar as after the Younger Dryas period. Fagan express the situation of societies in Fertile Crescent as follow: since people were still dispersed on patches of easily cultivated soil, they had space to pursue game, catch fish with traps and nets, and fora ge for grasses, fruit, tubers, and nuts in grassland and forest. Sedentary and farmers might be but their simple agricultural economy and regular depends on the game and wild plant foods gave them flexibility unheard of in later agricultural societies.  [27]  Overall, the 8,2 ky event has not been virtually determinative factor on development of the civilization in Fertile Crescent. However, when it came to 5,800 B.C., Atlantic circulation changed again, the moister conditions of Mediterranean weather turn back to the Levant. Before people of Fertile Crescents taking a further step trough path of civilization, another climate catastrophe happened in 5,600 B.C. 5600 B.C to 5400 B.C. Noahs Flood ? By 6,000 B.C., the last ice was coming to an end. The earths temperatures were raising consequently, North ice sheets were melting. That caused the rise of the World Ocean and pushing the Mediterranean Sea towards the Black Sea. One of the greatest natural disasters to affect humanity came in about 5,600 B.C. when the rising waters of the Mediterranean flooded the deep basin of the Euxine Lake, 150 meters below the Marmara, to form the Black Sea  [28]  . For a long time it has been recognized that because of the rise in Ocean level during glacial period, the Black Sea became isolated by Mediterranean and Marmara seas. Another hypothesis which has been widely accepted argues that Euxine Lake became the Black Sea by outflow from Mediterranean and Marmara Seas troughs Dardanelles channel and the Bosporus. However, in 1993 an American, Russian, Bulgarian and Turkish research team began to wonder if there could be a geological explanation for Nohas flood story and they concluded. This research team developed another hypothesis of an abrupt flooding of the Black Sea named as An Abrupt Drowning Of The Black Sea Shelf At 7.5 Kyr Bp  [29]  which argues that the Euxine Lake has been fed with the water coming from large massive ice in the far north. As a result the level of Euxine Lake rose dramatically within thousands of years. Its not difficult to think about the impact of this massive transformation on mankind lived in the region of Anatolia and Southeast Europe. Before coming to the possible impacts it is necessary to go into the details of this transformation. Figure 4 shows the water flows that passed from Euxine Lake/Black Sea trough Bosporus to Aegean and vice versa. Figure 4: Reconstructed Lake and sea levels between 17,000 to 7,500 B.P. Source: Ryan et al, 1997, 122. Note: Aegean (A), Sea of Marmara (M), and Black Seas (BS), and their connections/isolators via the Dardanelles (D) and Bosporus (B) The Laurentide collapse resulted in rise of Atlantic Ocean level until last glacial period. As it can be seen from the figure, in 7,500 B.P. the level of Mediterranean Sea was 15m lower than shorelines while this number was 30m in 9,000 B.P and 90m in 14,000 B.P. Moreover, as the Black Sea [Euxine Lake] was in very close vicinity to the Scandinavian-Russian ice cap, the melting water from the glaciers were supplied into the Black Sea through the major drainage system constituted by large European rivers (Danube, Dniepr, Dniestr and Bug)  [30]  By 5,600 B.C, Black Sea flood took place. Fagan described as fallow the Sea of Marmara was lapping at the edge of a shrinking berm. within days, the stream became a torrent, then a roiling waterfall flowing at over 90 km an hour. Soon the fertile deltas and river valleys vanished under water. The largest freshwater lake in the world rose at an average rate of 15 centimetres a day  [31]  . As it can be seen from the figure in a year late r the lake Euxine filled by the sea water came from Aegean and Marmara seas. In other word, Euxine Lake turned to be Black Sea in a short time period. This climate event has been related to the Noahs Flood by some scientists and editors of popular newspapers quite often. However, so far any hypothesis has not been enough to convince the scientific world. Going back to the main concern of this research paper, one of the greatest natural disasters that affect civilization was the Noahs Flood in about 5,600 B.C. And of course this climate event also had strong impacts not only on farming villages of Fertile Crescent, but also the settlements in Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. There are not enough sources to develop predicted results of the flood yet. But there is no doubted that such climate event may have been one of the most distractive event the earth have ever see. If Black Sea or Nohas Flood really did occur, it would be a monumental event in the development of civilization. I would have scared a large number of people to others part of the world and it would certainly change how later civilization would have evolved. Its uncertain how many people might have been affected by the flood. Probably, few hundred thousand of people have been affected by the flood. This number may not be so drastic if not taking account the world popul ation of this period. According to historian Luc-Normand Tellier from Quà ©bec University, before the appearance of agriculture total world population never exceed fifteen million inhabitants.  [32]  Overall, this event probably diminished a huge proportion of world population. Its believed that the spread of agriculture from Fertile Crescent to Europe, with migration of early farmers, in a short period is another consequence of the Black Sea flood. Probably, most of the early civilizations settlements, where the flood had reached have experience the harmful results of the flood like hunger, diseases, deaths, migrations. To sum up, this climate event had great impact on civilizations of the Fertile Crescent and other regions alongside. 5,800 B.C to 2,000 B.C. Climate Change and Sumerians The water [Black Sea flood] stabilized after about two years. Hundreds of villages lay deep below the now-saltwater sea. Settlements far inland now lay at the head of sheltered days or exposed to the fury of cold winter storms blowing onshore. But life went on as it always had, in a landscape dissected by countless rivers that led inland into an unknown terrain of endless for